# Operating practices and procedures, repeaters and satellites

### Telegraphy

Effective communication by telegraphy implies the use of internationally agreed symbols and abbreviations so that difficulties arising from language differences are eliminated to a fairly large extent.

The symbols and abbreviations used in amateur radio are based on the international Q-code and the procedures used in marine and commercial radio telegraphy. Many other abbreviations are based on phonetic English.

The international Q-code is a series of questions and answers, and the Q-signals in Table 11.1, which are taken from the official list, are commonly used in the amateur service. Amateurs use many of the Q-signals as nouns as well as in question-and-answer form (see Table 11.2).

Table 11.1. International Q-code (extract)
___________________________________________________________________________________
QRG Will you tell me my exact frequency? Your exact frequency is......kHz
QRH Does my frequency vary? Your frequency varies
QRI What is the tone of my transmission? The tone of your transmission is .. (amateur T1- T9)
QRK What is the readability of my signals? The readability of your transmission is... (amateur R1 - R5)
QRL Are you busy? I am busy. Please do not interfere.
QRM Are you being interfered with? I am being interfered with.
QRN Are you troubled by static? I am troubled by static.
QRO Shall I increase power? Increase power.
QRP Shall I decrease power? Decrease power.
QRQ Shall I send faster? Send faster
QRS Shall I send more slowly? Send more slowly.
QRT Shall I stop sending? Stop sending
QRU Have you anything for me? I have nothing for you.
QRV Are you ready? I am ready.
QRX When will you call me again? I will call you again at .... hours.
QRZ Who is calling me? You are being called by ......... (on kHz)
QSA What is the strength of my signals? The strength of your signals is ..... (amateur S1 - S9)
QSB Are my signals fading? Your signals are fading.
QSD Is my keying defective? Your keying is defective.
QSL Can you give me acknowledgement of receipt? I give you my acknowledgment of receipt.
QSO Can you communicate with..... direct or by relay? I can communicate with .... direct (or by relay through)
QSP Will you relay to....? I will relay to......
QSV Shall I send a series of VVV's ? Send a series of VVV's.
QSY Shall I change to another frequency? Change to transmission on another frequency (or on .....kHz)
QSZ Shall I send each word more than once? Send each word twice?
QTH What is your location? My location is.......
QTR What is the correct time? The correct time is ..... hours
__________________________________________________________________________________

Table 11.2 Use of Q-signals as nouns |
_________________________________ | _________________________________
QRG Frequency | QAT Close down
QRI Bad note | QRX Stand by
QAK Signal strength | QSB Fading
QRM Interference from | QSD Bad sending other stations
QSL Verification card | QRN Interference from
QSO Radio contact atmospherics or local | QSP Relay message electrical apparatus
QSY Change of frequency | QRO High power
QTH Location |
_________________________________ | _________________________________

Table 11.3. Punctuation/procedure signals |
____________________________________ | ____________________________________
Punctuation |
Question mark | di-di-dah-dah-di-dit
Full stop | di-dah-di-dah-di-dah
Comma* | dah-dah-di-di-dah-dah
*Sometimes used to | indicate an exclamation mark
Procedure | Signals
Stroke (/) | dah-di-di-dah-dit
Break sign (=) | dah-di-di-di-dah
End of message (AR)** | di-dah-di-dah-dit
End of work (VA) | di-di-di-dah-di-dah
Wait (AS)** | di-dah-di-di-dit
Error | di-di-di-di-di-di-di-dit
Invitation to transmit (general) (K) | dah-di-dah
Invitation to transmit specific station) (KN)** | dah-di-dah-dah-dit
** AR, VA, AS and KN are | sent as one character
____________________________________ | ____________________________________

Table 11.4. The RST code
____________________________________________
Readability
R1 Unreadable
R2 Barely readable, occasional words distinguishable
R3 Readable with considerable difficulty
R4 Readable with practically no difficulty
R5 Perfectly readable
Signal strength
S1 Faint, signals barely perceptible
S2 Very weak signals
S3 Weak signals
S4 Fair signals
S5 Fairly good signals
S6 Good signals
S7 Moderately strong signals
S8 Strong signals
S9 Extremely strong signals
Tone
T1 Extremely rough hissing note
T2 Very rough AC note, no trace of musicality
T3 Rough, low-pitched AC note, slightly musical
T4 Rather rough AC note, moderately musical
T5 Musically modulated note
T6 Modulated note, slight trace of whistle
T7 Near DC note, smooth ripple
T8 Good DC note, just a trace of ripple
T9 Purest DC note
____________________________________________

If the note appears to be crystal-controlled add X after the appropriate number.
Where there is a chirp add C, drift add D, clicks add K.
Note here that 'K' is a general invitation to any station to reply.

Table 11.5. Amateur abbreviations (CW)
____________________________________________________________
AA All after.. (used after a question mark to request a reception)
AB All before...(see AA) BK Signal used to interrupt a transmission in progress
CFM Confirm (or I confirm)
NL I have nothing to send you
NW Now OK We agree (or it is correct)
QSLL If you send a
OSL. I will do likewise RPT Repeat (or I repeat)
TFC Traffic W Word(s)
WA Word after (see AA)
WB Word before
____________________________________________________________

Reports on readability and signal strength (and tone in the case of telegraphic signals) are given in terms of the RST code (see Table 11.4).

Speed of sending

The golden rule is 'never send at a greater speed than you are able to receive'.

The speed of sending should depend to a large extent on circumstances: when conditions are poor with low signal strengths or in heavy interference it is sensible to send more slowly. It is a good principle to send at the same speed as the operator at the other end.

The good CW operator is the one whose copy is easy to read and who does not send faster than he is capable of doing properly. An indifferently sent 25 words per minute may well be almost unreadable but a properly sent 25wpm is considerably easier to read than a badly sent 20wpm.

It is probably true to say that most telegraphy on the amateur bands is at a speed of somewhat less than 20wpm.

Establishing communication The first step is to spend a short time listening on the band it is proposed to use in order to check:

(a) if conditions are good or bad; (b) who is working who and what signal reports are being exchanged.

The propagation forecasts published each month in Radio Communication are invaluable as an indication of the part of the world likely to be heard at a particular time.

There are two ways of establishing communication:

(a) by calling a specific station; (b) by transmitting a 'CQ' ('general invitation to reply') call.

On most bands there are always many stations to be heard calling 'CQ' so it is generally preferable to answer such a call rather than to initiate another. However, a CQ call made when a band appears 'dead', particularly on 21 or 28MHz, sometimes results in an unexpected contact.

Calling procedures

Calling a specific station First of all, 'net' on to the frequency of the station it is proposed to call, ie adjust transmitter frequency onto the signal being received. The basic call is:

G7AA G7AA G7AA de G7ZZ G7ZZ G7ZZ KN

'de' here means 'from'. Note that 'KN' is an invitation to a specific station, G7AA, and no other, to reply.

This basic call may be varied, ie in poor conditions or heavy interference it would be advisable to send the station call (G7ZZ) five or six times.

Initiating a CQ call The first step is to choose a frequency where no other station is operating - this is often very difficult and it has to be accepted that virtually every signal is likely to cause some interference to another station somewhere. Before initiating a CQ, the signal 'QRL?' is often sent two or three times; this is intended to enquire "is this frequency in use?" If so, then the answer given is 'QRL' meaning, "I am using this frequency" or sometimes 'pse QSY' meaning "please change frequency". The action is then obvious! The basic call is:

CQ CQ CQ de G7ZZ G7ZZ G7ZZ K

Basic calls may be repeated up to five or six times - this depends on conditions and activity on the band. Never send a long series of CQ signals without interspersing the station call.

A CQ call may be made specific, eg

CQ DX CQ DX CQ DX de G7ZZ G7ZZ G7ZZ K

or directional, eg

CQ VK CQ VK CQ VK de G7ZZ G7ZZ G7ZZ K

Prolonged CQ calls or calls to a specific station should be avoided. These cause unnecessary interference, particularly to stations in the immediate vicinity who generally accept interference from a local station in contact but who will not take too kindly to continuous CQ calls. An unanswered CQ is therefore best followed by a short period of listening.

If a station replying cannot be positively identified due to low signal strength or interference, the signal 'QRZ?' ("who is calling me?") may be used, eg

QRZ? QRZ? de G7ZZ G7ZZ G7ZZ KN

Note that KN and not K is now used. A 'QRZ?' call should be brief and not extended as an additional CQ call. 'QRZ?' is not an alternative to 'CQ' .

Having established communication a CW contact (QSO) is likely to follow the general form shown here. [PAGE 91 (remove this, for temporary page reference only)]

G9AA G9AA DE G7AA G7AA = GA OM ES MNI TNX FER CALL = AM VY PSED TO QSO U = UR SIGS RST 579 = QTI-T IS LONDON = NAME IS GEO = HW? AR G9AA DE G7AA KN

These transmissions are known as 'overs'. The following should be noted.

(a) Report, QTH and name are generally sent twice (but not more than three times).

(b) Each sentence is separated by the break sign (dah-di-di-di-dah).

(c) Each callsign sent twice at the beginning is generally adequate but may be sent once only or three times depending on signal strength and interference etc.

(d) Each callsign is sent once only at the end - there is no point in sending them more than once.

(e) Names may just as well be abbreviated.

(f) 'HW?' means "how do you receive me?"

(g) 'AR' signifies "end of message".

(h) 'KN' means specific station (G9AA) to reply.

The contact may then continue:

G7AA G7AA DE G9AA G9AA = R ES VY GA GEO = GLD TO QSO AGN = THINK WE QSO LAST YEAR ON 3R5? = MNI TNX FER RPRT = UR RST 569 QSB QRM = QTH IS BIRMINGHAM = NAME IS MAC = RIG IS FF101 AT 150 WAll'S INPUT = ANT IS TRAP DIPOLE = WX IS COLD ES DULL = OK? AR G7AA DE G9AA KN

The following should be noted:

(a) 'R' signifies "received all sent", which is obviously preferable to such phrases as "solid cpy hr" etc.

(b) '3R5' - here 'R' indicates a decimal point, ie 3.5.

The contact then goes on:

G9AA G9AA DE G7AA G7AA = MOST OK MAC BD QRM AT END = TNX FER RPRT ES INFO ON RIG HR HOME MADE TX ES INPUT IS 120 WATTS = RX IS AR88D=ANT IS 132 FT END FED = YES WE DID QSO LAST YEAR = CONDX FB FER DX BUT EU STNS VY STRONG= QRU? AR G9AA DE G7AA KN

G7AA G7AA DE G9AA G9AA = R ES TNX ALL = MNI TNX QSO ES HPE CUAGN SN = PSE QSL VIA BURO = VY 73 ES DX = GB OM ES GL AR G7AA DE G9AA KN

Note that this is G9AA's last transmission but the contact has not finished because he is about to receive G7AA' s final over. G9AA therefore finishes with 'KN' and not 'VA'.

G9AA G9AA DE G7AA G7AA = R FB SIGS NW OM = QRT = MNI TNX QSO ES HPE CUAGN = QSL OK VIA RSGB = 73 ES DX = CHEERIO MAC ES ALL THE BEST AR G9AA DE G7AA VA CL.

This is the last transmission of the contact and G7AA therefore uses 'VA', meaning "I have finished". 'CL' indicates that G7AA is closing down.

The above describes a fairly basic contact but in practice CW contacts range from just an exchange of RST/QTH/name to a chat lasting an hour or more.

'N' and 'VA' are probably the most misused symbols in amateur radio. Remember: 'K' is an invitation to any station to reply. 'KN' is an invitation to a specific station to reply. 'VA' means "I have finished".

When tuning across a band, if only 'G9AA K' is heard, one is entitled to call G9AA. If 'G9AA KN' is heard, it means that G9AA is in contact with someone else or has just called someone, and one should therefore not call G9AA. On the other hand if 'G9AA VA' is heard it should indicate that G9AA has just finished a contact and therefore one is entitled to call him.

It follows that if these symbols are not used correctly a considerable amount of annoyance can be created.

At the conclusion of a contact always listen for a few seconds - someone may be calling you! Do not immediately send 'QRZ?' after sending 'VA' unless you suspect someone may be waiting for you. A very short CQ call, ie just 'CQ DE G9AA K' will indicate that you are now ready to accept a call.

The procedure of 'tail-ending' means a very short call, ie 'DE G9AA KN' , to a station immediately he has finished his last transmission. It is most effective when both sides of the contact have been heard but it does require that 'VA' is correctly used. It is accepted by some good operators but is open to abuse and likely to cause irritation if used carelessly. It should be avoided until a fair amount of operating skill has been acquired.

Do not 'send double' unless specifically asked to do so or your signals have been reported as, say RST 339 .

Abbreviations used in amateur telegraphy are understood throughout the world. Many of these are given at the end of this chapter.

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